Medical Terms Glossary
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Name/term: |
Explanation: |
May also be referred to as: |
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Abnormal |
Unusual / not normal. |
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Acute (as in an acute medical condition) |
Something that comes on quickly and/or lasts for a short time. Note that the exact meaning of "acute" (e.g. what the length of time is defined as) depends on the condition. The opposite of "acute" in this context is "chronic". |
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
Is an advanced form of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in which the body's cells have severely reduced immunity and are particularly vulnerable to infection and cancer. Not all people that are HIV positive have AIDS and nor will all people that are HIV positive have AIDS at some point in their life. |
AIDS |
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Adenoids |
Are glands found in the roof of the mouth that produce cells that help fight infections. |
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Adhesion |
Is an abnormal band of scar-like tissue that forms between two surfaces inside the body that causes them to stick together. |
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Adjustment Disorder |
Stress-related condition where one experiences more stress than would normally be expected in response to a stressful or unexpected event. |
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Aerial activity |
For the purposes of an AA Life application, an aerial activity is an activity where any part of it is carried out at a height of more than 20 metres. |
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Alcohol abuse |
Refers to the overuse or misuse of alcohol. It is possible to abuse alcohol without being dependent on it. |
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Alcohol dependence |
A condition where a person is reliant on alcohol in order to function. |
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Alzheimer's disease |
A form of dementia. Affects the brain. Sufferers experience a gradual decline in their ability to remember, understand, communicate and reason. |
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Amputation |
Refers to the removal of a limb or part of a limb (like a finger or toe). |
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Anaemia |
A condition where there's a shortage of healthy red blood cells or haemoglobin. |
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Aneurysm |
A swelling or bulge of the wall of an artery. |
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Angina |
Chest discomfort or pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. It's usually due to coronary artery disease (CAD). |
Angina Pectoris |
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Ante-natal depression |
Depression suffered during pregnancy, typically arising from the combination of hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to motherhood, and fatigue. |
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Anxiety |
Anxiety is the body's physical response to fear and can include symptoms like a racing heart, sweaty palms and "butterflies in your stomach". Everyone experiences some anxiety in life, however anxiety disorders involve anxiety symptoms that are overly persistent, extreme for the situation and/or difficult to control. |
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Appendicitis |
Inflammation of the appendix. Is a potentially serious medical condition and it's not unsual for the appendix to be removed in order to treat it. |
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Appendix |
It's located in your lower right abdomen and connected to your large intestine. |
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Arthritis |
Inflammation of one or more joints. |
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Asthma |
Condition in which breathing becomes difficult because of inflammation of the air passages. The breathing difficulties are typically sudden and recurrent 'attacks'. |
Bronchial asthma |
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |
A common behavioural Disorder. Symptoms vary but tend to involve great difficulty concentrating or focussing for any length of time, along with impulsiveness and being excessively active in most situations. There are 3 different subgroups of ADHD: Inattentive, Hyperactive and Impulsive. Inattentive ADHD is usually what's meant when someone uses the term "ADD" (Attention Deficit Disorder) |
ADHD ADD |
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Barrett's Oesophagus (E-sof-a-gus) |
A serious complication of chronic reflux where the normal cells lining the oespophagus (throat) change to being abnormal. |
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Bipolar disorder |
A mental health disorder marked by altrenating episodes of mania (abnormally elevated mood) and depression |
Bipolar I disorder Bipolar II disorder Bipolar affective disorder Manic Depression |
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Bladder |
The (urinary) bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled. |
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Bladder stone(s) |
A bladder stone is a hard mass of minerals present in the bladder and results from minerals in concentrated urine cystallizing. |
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BMI |
Stands for "Body Mass Index". It's commonly used as a measure of someone's build and is calculated by dividing your weight in kilograms by your height in metres-squared (m²). |
Body Mass Index Body size Height to weight ratio |
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder |
A condition where a person thinks about flaws with their body for long periods each day, tend to think small flaws are much bigger than they are and/or consider flaws that don't exist to be big concerns. |
BDD B.D.D |
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Breast screening |
Refers to breast surveillance that is done in order to detect breast cancer in it's early stages. |
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Bronchitis (bronk-eye-tiss) |
Is an inflammation or swelling of the bronchial tubes (bronchi), the air passages between the mouth and nose and the lungs. It impacts breathing and sufferers can also have difficulty clearing heavy mucus from their airways. |
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Brothers |
For the purposes of this application, we mean biological brothers i.e. not step brothers or adopted brothers. |
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Cancer |
Some of the body's cells start to divide uncontrollably and eventually spread into surrounding tissues. Some cancers form tumours while others (e.g. leukaemia) generally do not. Note that not all tumours are cancerous. |
Malignant tumour, growth or lesion |
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Cardiomyopathy (Card-ee-oh-my-op-ah-thee) |
Is a disease of the heart muscle. |
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Cervical cyst |
Cyst of the cervix |
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Cholesterol |
Is a lipid (type of fat-like substance) produced by the liver. |
Lipids |
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Chronic (as in a chronic medical condition) |
Something that comes on slowly and/or lasts for a long time. Note that that the exact meaning of "chronic" (e.g. what the length of time is defined as) depends on the condition. The opposite of "chronic" in this context is "acute". |
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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome |
A long-term illness with wide-ranging symptoms, the most common of which being extreme tiredness. |
CFS, Myalgic encephalomyelitis or ME |
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder |
Is a term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterised by increasing breathlessness. |
COPD |
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Chronic pain disorder(s) |
Chronic pain disorders is a group of disorders that all involve long-term pain as the main symptom. Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is an example of such a disorder. |
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CIN (as in CIN 1, 2 or 3) |
The abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix that could potentially lead to cervical cancer. The number alongside the "CIN" is a grading of the cells - with CIN 1 being the lowest grade. |
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Cirrhosis |
A condition of the liver involving scarring (fibrosis). |
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Coeliac disease |
A permanent disease where the small intestine is very sensitive to gluten resulting in inflammation, difficulties absorbing nutrients from glutenous foods and other complications. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye and barley. |
Celiac disease |
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Commercial airline |
An airline company that uses planes for carrying goods or people, rather than for military purposes. Air New Zealand, Qantas and Emirates are some examples of commercial airlines. |
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Compliant |
In terms of how "compliant" is used in an AA Life application, it means "acting in accordance with" e.g. another way of saying "Have you been fully compliant with medical advice?" is "Have you been following all the medical advice fully?" |
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Concussion |
A kind of injury caused by trauma to the brain where the head and brain move rapidly back and forth, causing the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull and resulting in chemical changes and sometimes damage. Some of the signs and symptoms include confusion or feeling dazed, clumsiness, nausea, balance problems, ringing in the ears, noise or light sensitivity. |
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Congenital |
A word used to describe something present from birth. |
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COVID-19 |
COVID-19 is an infectious disease that has resulted in a global pandemic being declared by the World Health organisation. Most people who get COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recovery without special treatment but in other instances it can require special treatment, affect long term health or even result in death. It can affect the lungs and airways but also other areas of the body. |
Coronavirus, novel coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2 |
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CREST |
Is a connective tissue disorder and a type of scleroderma (which means "hardened skin"). Sometimes it can affect the digestive tract, heart, lungs or kidneys. CREST refers to the 5 main features involved: Calcinosis, Raynaud's Phenomenon, Eosphageal dysmotility, Sclerodactyl, Telangiectasia. |
CREST syndrome limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis lcSSc Limited Scleroderma |
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Crohn's disease |
An inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can lead to things like abdominal pain, severe diarrhoea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition. |
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Cyst |
A fluid-filled sac that can occur in tissue in any part of the body. |
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Deep Vein Thrombosis |
Is a blood clot that develops within a deep vein in the body, usually in the leg, which can lead to serious health complications. |
DVT |
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Dementia |
A mental disorder characterised by a progressive loss of intellectual abilities, impairment of memory, judgement and personality changes. There are several forms of dementia, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common. |
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Depression |
A mental health disorder characterised by persistent low moods. |
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Dermatitis |
A general term used to describe inflammation of the skin |
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Diabetes |
A disease where the body doesn't use the insulin effectively and/or doesn't produce enough insulin (used to transport sugar in the blood stream into cells where it can be used); If not properly treated, the blood sugar levels in the blood stream rise to unhealthy levels. There are 3 types of diabetes with the main differences between them being as follows: * Gestational diabetes - where diabetes occurs in a mother during pregnancy. The diagnosis may later change to type 2 diabetes if the diabetes continues beyond pregnancy. Gestational diabetes doesn't necessarily require insulin injections. * Type 1 diabetes / Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM): People who have IDDM MUST be treated with insulin e.g. have insulin injections. * Type 2 diabetes / Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM): People who have NIDDM don'tnecessarily have to be treated with insulin (though they may be). |
Diabetes Mellitus High blood sugar |
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Diagnose Diagnosed Diagnosis Undiagnosed |
To diagnose means to classify or determine on the basis of scientific examination. Example: A person sees a doctor because (s)he feels sick, the doctor is unable to determine what the sickness is and no diagnosis is made i.e. at this time, the sickness is undiagnosed. The doctor then refers the person for some tests and from those tests, determines the unwellness is due to a kidney infection i.e. the person has been diagnosed with a kidney infection. |
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Dialysis |
Dialysis is a procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly. It often involves running a person's blood through a machine that cleans it. |
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Diastolic |
This is the bottom number, or the number to the right of the "/" symbol in a full blood pressure reading. For example, in the blood pressure reading 120/80, the "80" is the diastolic part of the reading. The diastolic reading measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when the heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood). |
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Digestive tract |
The digestive tract is made up of the mouth, throat, stomach, small & large intestines and anus. |
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Disorder |
In a medical context, simply means a medical problem. |
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Eczema |
A condition that causes the skin to become itchy, red, dry and cracked. Atopic eczema/dermatitis is the most common form of eczema. |
Atopic dermatitis |
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Emphysema (Em-fih-seem-ah) |
Is a form of long-term lung disease. Often emphysema is caused by cigarette smoking. |
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Endometriosis |
Disorder where the tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus (endometrium) growns outside the uterus and typically involves the ovaries, fallopian tubes and tissue lining the pelvis. |
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Epilepsy |
Epilepsy is a neurological/nervous disorder with symptoms that include episodes of seizures, sensory disturbances, abnormal behaviour and loss of consciousness. |
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Erectile Dysfunction |
The inability to get and get an erection firm enough for sex. It can be a symptom of an underlying condition and/or impact one's health. |
ED Impotence |
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Family History |
A family history of disease or death, especially occurring at younger ages, may imply that a person is also at increased risk for the same or related illness. Please note that on the AA Life insurance application any questions we do ask about your family history are limited to being about your parents, brothers and sisters only. |
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Fatty liver |
A condition where there is a build up of extra fat in one's liver. |
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Fibromyalgia |
A long-term condition causing pain all over the body. |
Fibromyalgia syndrome or FMS |
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Fistula |
An abnormal connection between an organ and another structure. |
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Floating kidney |
A condition where the kidney drops down into the pelvis when a person stands up. |
Nephroptosis |
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Gall Bladder |
Small organ located just beneath the liver that stores bile (which plays a part in digestion) before releasing it into the intestine. |
Gallbladder |
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Gallstone |
Is a hardened deposit of digestive fluid that has formed in the gallbladder. |
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Gestational diabetes |
A disease where the body doesn't use the insulin effectively and/or doesn't produce enough insulin (used to transport sugar in the blood stream into cells where it can be used); If not properly treated, the blood sugar levels in the blood stream rise to unhealthy levels. Gestational diabetes is a particular type of diabetes that occurs in a mother during pregnancy. The diagnosis may later change to type 2 diabetes if the diabetes continues beyond pregnancy. Gestational diabetes doesn't necessarily require insulin injections. |
Pregnancy related diabetes Pregnancy-related diabetes Diabetes while pregnant Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Gestational DM |
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Gland |
An organ that produces and releases chemical substances that perform specific functions within the body Human glands include the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituatary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries and testes. |
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Goitre |
Is a swelling or enlargement of the thyroid gland and that doesn't necessarily indicate the presence of a tumour or cancer. |
Goiter |
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Gout |
Painful and common form of arthritis that mostly affects the big toe but other joints can be affected. It is caused by an excessive amount of uric acid in the bloodstream, that affects the joints. Treatment for gout involves managing uric acid levels in the bloodstream. |
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Gender dysphoria (dis-forr-ee-ah) |
Where a person experiences discomfort or distress due to a mismatch between their biological sex and their gender identity. |
Gender incongruance |
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General Practitioner |
A general medical doctor who provides medical care in the community. |
GP General Physician Regular doctor |
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Growth |
Something that has grown or is in the process of growing. |
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Haemmorhoids |
Swellings containing enlarged blood vessels found inside or around the bottom (the rectum and anus). |
Piles |
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Haemochromatosis (heem-o-chrome-a-toe-sis) |
A condition in which iron levels in the body build up over many years - unless successfully treated. |
Iron overload |
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Haemophilia |
Is a condition that affects the blood's ability to clot and can result in excessive bleeding. |
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HbA1c |
HbA1c is your average blood glucose (sugar) levels for the last 2 to 3 months. Mmol/mol is a ratio of two compounds and is the typical unit of measurement for HbA1c. HbA1c is the gold standard for monitoring diabetic control and also very commonly used in diagnosing diabetes also. |
Haemoglobin A1c |
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Heart attack |
A heart attack happens when there is a sudden complete blockage of an artery that supplies blood to an area of your heart. Some of the heart muscle then starts to die and if the blood flow isn't restored in time, the damage to the heart muscle could be permanent. |
Myocardial infarction MI |
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Heart defect |
Is a problem with a structure of the heart. A congenital heart defect is a heart defect present from birth. |
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Heart murmur |
Where a person's heartbeat has an extra or unusual sound caused by blood flow disruption throgh the heart. |
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Heart disease |
Heart Disease is a term used to refer to a range of diseases affecting the heart including diseases of blood vessels such as Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias), heart infections, and heart disorders of the heart muscle and valves. |
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Hepatitis |
Refers to inflammation of the liver and can be caused by a number of things including but not limited to viruses (viral hepatitis) and toxins. There are 5 types of viral hepatitis known as hepatitis A, B, C, D & E. |
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Hernia |
Is where an internal part of the body pushes through a weak part of the muscle or surrounding wall of tissue. |
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High Blood Pressure |
Common condition in which the force of the blood against your artery walls is high. Blood pressure refers to the amount of pressure on the walls of your arteries. *Diastolic: This is the bottom number, or the number to the right of the "/" symbol in a full blood pressure reading. |
Hypertension |
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
A virus that weakens the immunity of cells in the body (that fight off infections and disease). The virus is primarily spread by sexual contact. It can also be transmitted by infected blood or blood products. It may advance to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) where the body's cells have severely reduced immunity and are particularly vulnerable to infection and cancer. |
HIV |
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HPV |
A type of virus that is very common and certain sub-types of it carry an increased risk of cervical cancer in females. |
Human Pappilomavirus |
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Huntington's Disease |
It is an inherited (genetic) condition that affects the brain and nervous system that causes a person’s functional abilities to worsen over time. |
Huntington's Chorea |
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Hypothyroidism |
Condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. |
Underactive thyroid |
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Hyperthyroidism |
Condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. |
Overactive thyroid Graves' disease |
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Hypospadias |
A condition where the open end of the urethral tube is located somewhere along the underside of the penis or scrotum instead of where it's normally found at the tip of the penis. |
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Illegal drugs |
Drugs that one is not allowed (i.e. against the law) to produce, sell, distribute or consume. |
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Impaired |
Weakened, diminished, damaged, or functioning poorly or inadequately. |
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Impaired Glucose Tolerance |
A state where the levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) are inbetween normal and diabetic levels. People that have this condition are not diabetic but are generally considered to be at a higher risk of becoming diabetic in the future. |
IGT Prediabetes Borderline diabetes |
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Immune system |
A network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body from things like viruses, bacteria and foreign bodies. |
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In situ |
In the context of cancer or tumour, "in situ" means that the cancer or tumour cells have not spread from their site of origin and invaded neighbouring tissue or gone elsewhere in the body. |
In-situ Non-invasive Non invasive |
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Inflammation |
In general terms, inflammation is the body's immune system's response to an irritant or injury. More specifically, it’s a localized response which serves to destroy, dilute or wall off whatever is causing the irritation or injury and any damaged tissue. Signs and symptoms of inflammation include heat, redness, swelling, pain and loss of function. |
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Irregular |
Aberrant, abnormal, atypical or untypical. |
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Irregular heart beat |
An abnormal condition where one's heart beats, too fast, too slow or irregularly. |
Arrhythmia |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
Common digestive system condition that's usually long-term. It's main symptoms are stomach pain or cramps, bloating, diarrhoea, constipation and there is no test for it - typically it will be diagnosed where other conditions suspected of causing the symptoms have been ruled out. |
IBS I.B.S |
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Kidney donation |
Where one of a person's two kidneys is donated to someone in need of one. Usually, the remaining kidney enables the donor to live a full life without kidney-related complications. |
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Kidney Failure |
Kidney failure refers to the loss of ability by the kidney to function properly, for example excrete wastes or concentrate urine. It can be sudden and temporary or a longer, chronic occurrence. |
Renal failure |
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Kidney stone(s) |
Where waste products in the blood condense into crystals within the kidney or kidneys and over time, grow into stone-like masses. |
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Lesion |
A lesion is a region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage through injury or disease. |
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Leukaemia |
Leukaemia is a malignant disease (cancer) that affects the blood and bone marrow. |
Cancer of the blood cells |
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Liver Function Test |
Blood test which measures levels of several substances excreted by the liver. Abnormalities in these levels can indicate liver problems. |
LFT |
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Low Blood Pressure |
Condition in which the force of the blood against your artery walls is low. Blood pressure refers to the amount of pressure on the walls of your arteries. *Diastolic: This is the bottom number, or the number to the right of the "/" symbol in a full blood pressure reading. |
Hypotension |
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Lupus |
Is a long term autoimmune disease in which the immune system becomes overactive and attacks normal, healthy tissue. There are 2 main forms: Discoid lupus and Systemic Lupus (SLE) |
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Lymphoma |
Lymphoma is a malignant disease (cancer) originating from white blood cells called lymphocytes. |
Cancer of the lymph nodes |
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Mammogram |
A mammogram is a safe low dose x-ray of the breast tissue, to check for breast cancer. |
Breast screening |
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Marijuana |
A drug made up of the dried and shredded leaves, stems, seeds and flowers of the hemp plant (Cannibas Sativa). |
Cannibas Hash Hashish Hemp |
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Mastitis |
Condition that causes breast tissue to become painful and inflamed. It's most commonly seen in breastfeeding women and in the first three months after giving birth. |
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Medical test |
Any medical procedure performed to detect, diagnose, or monitor diseases / disorders, their processes and susceptibilities. May or may not involve the use of specialised testing equipment. |
Medical investigation Medical check |
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Melanoma |
A melanoma is predominantly a type of skin cancer, although some may form at other sites, including the eye or gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract. |
Skin cancer (one of several types) |
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Menstrual condition |
A condition relating to a woman's period / monthly cycle. |
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Mental Illness/Disorder |
Any of a variety of illnesses/disorders in which a person's thoughts, emotions or behaviour are so abnormal as to cause suffering to himself, herself or other people. |
Mental Health condition |
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Mole |
A mole or nevus is a dark spot on our skin comprised of skin cells called melanocytes that have grown in a group rather than individually. Moles are usually brown or black and can appear anywhere on the skin, alone or in groups. |
Naevus |
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Motor Neuron Disease |
Motor neuron diseases are a group of neurological disorders that destroy motor neurons, the cells that control voluntary muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing and swallowing. The main types are: - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Progressive bulbar palsy (PBP) - Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) - Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) |
MND ALS PBP PMA PLS |
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Multiple Sclerosis |
Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease that affects the brain and central nervous system. |
MS |
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Muscle strain |
Is the stretching or tearing of muscle fibers. Most occur because the muscle has streched beyond it's limits or because they've been forced to contract too strongly. |
Pulled muscle |
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Muscular Dystrophy |
The muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic diseases characterised by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement. |
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Nausea |
A feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit |
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Nervous System |
Note the the nervous system doesn't just refer to the nerves. It refers to the system of cells, tissues and organs that regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli. In humans it consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and parts of the receptor and effector organs. |
Neurological (essentially means "to do with the nervous system") |
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Neurogenic bladder |
Abormal condition of the bladder where the nerves that control it's function are damaged and prevent the sufferer from being able to fully empty it. |
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Non-cancerous skin lesion |
A region of skin that has suffered damage through injury or disease and that is not cancerous. Eczema, psoriasis and benign cysts near the surface of the skin are 3 examples. |
Benign skin lesion |
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One-off |
Something done once only. An isolated event. |
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Osteoporosis |
Condition that causes bones to become brittle, weak and more likely to fracture. |
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Pancreas |
A large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Secretes hormones and insulin into the blood. |
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Pancreatitis |
Condition where the pancreas becomes inflamed. |
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Pap smear |
A pap smear is a screening method to detect pre-cancerous cells of the cervix. An abnormal pap smear result may be due to the sample being insufficient, or it may be due to the discovery of cells suspected or known having an increased cancer risk e.g. HPV, CIN1, CIN2, CIN3. |
Smear test Cervical smear |
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Paralysis |
The loss of the ability to move (and sometimes to feel anything) in part or most of the body, typically as a result of illness, poison, or injury. |
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Parents |
For the purposes of this application, we mean biological parents i.e. not step parents or parental guardians. |
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Parkinson's Disease |
Is a disorder of part of the brain. It mainly affects the way the brain co-ordinates the movements of the muscles in various part of the body where symptoms usually include stiffness, shaking (tremor) and slowness of movement. |
PD |
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Peri-natal depression |
Depression suffered during the time just before and just after childbirth, typically arising from the combination of hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to motherhood, and fatigue. |
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Persistent |
Continuing to exist or occur over a prolonged period. |
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Pneumonia |
Is an infection in one or both lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. It causes the air sacs in the lungs to fill with pus or fluid which in turn causes breathing difficulties. |
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Polycystic Kidney Disease |
Is a condition where many cysts develop in the kidneys. |
PKD |
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Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome |
Condition affecting how a woman's ovaries function with sufferers having at least two of: * Irregular periods, * Excessive amounts of the hormone androgen, * Enlarged ovaries that contain many fluid-filled sacs. |
PCOS P.C.O.S |
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Polyp |
Polyps are abnormal tissue growths that most often look like small, flat bumps or tiny mushroomlike stalks. Some polyps are benign and can't turn into cancer whereas others can. Polyps most commonly occur in the colon but can occur elsewhere in the body. |
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Post-natal Depression |
Depression suffered following childbirth, typically arising from the combination of hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to motherhood, and fatigue. |
Postnatal depression Post natal depression PND Postpartum depression PPD |
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder |
In post traumatic stress disorder there are commonly flashbacks, nightmares and vivid recollections of an initiating traumatic event, the defining characteristics of which include the ability to invoke fear, horror or helplessness in response to the threat of injury or death. |
PTSD |
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Premalignant |
A condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. |
Precancerous Pre-malignant Pre-cancerous |
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Prostate disorder |
The prostate is a gland about the size of a walnut found in men that secretes a fluid that forms a part of semen. A prostate disorder is any abnormal condition of this gland. |
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Psoriasis |
A skin condition that causes red, flaky, crusty, scale-like skin that are normally located on the sufferer's elbows, knees, scalp or lower back. It usually has periods where the symptoms disappear or are relatively mild followed by periods where they return or are of greater severity. |
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Psychotic disorders |
Involves a sufferer's losing contact with reality and experiencing a range of extreme symptoms that typically include: * Hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that aren't real e.g. voices) * Delusions (believing things that aren't tue). Schizophrenia is an example of a psychotic disorder. |
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Reactive depression |
There are many different factors that can trigger depression. For some people, upsetting or stressful life events, such as grief or bereavement, divorce, illness, redundancy, job or money worries, can be the cause. This is often known as 'reactive depression', where depression is a reaction to the event. Note that while grief and depression have several characteristics in common, grief is an entirely natural response to a loss whereas depression is an illness. |
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Recreational drugs |
Refers to legal and illegal drugs that are used without medical supervision and for non-medical reasons such as enjoyment or leisure. This includes but is not limited to synthetic cannibas. |
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Recurrent |
Something that happens repeatedly (though not necessarily at regular intervals) |
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Reflux / GORD |
Common condition whre stomach acide leaks up into the oesophagus (gullet), damaging it. |
Reflux oesophagitis Gastro-Oespophageal Reflux Disease |
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Reproductive system |
The organs involved in the production of offspring. Where biological sex is female, it includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and the vagina. Where biological sex is male, it includes the prostate, the testes (testicles) and the penis. |
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Respiratory condition |
The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for breathing (mainly the lungs) and a respiratory condition is a condition affecting those organs. |
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Scleroderma |
Condition that results in hard, thickened skin areas and also sometimes internal organs and blood vessels as a result of the immune system attacking connective tissue in the affected areas. |
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Schizophrenia |
Schizophrenia is a type of mental illness of unknown cause with characteristics that can include hallucinations, disorganised speech, paranoia, blunted mood, delusions, withdrawal from reality, illogical thinking and other symptoms. |
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Sign |
In a medical context, a sign is any objective evidence of a disease or disorder i.e. a person other than the person with the sign, can identify it and without need of the person with the sign having to explain what they're experiencing; For example, a doctor might identify a rash on a person who is unaware of it's existence. |
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Sisters |
For the purposes of this application, we mean biological sisters i.e. not step sisters or adopted sisters. |
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Skin Cancer |
Cancer of the skin , of which there are 3 common types: Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Melanoma. |
Basal Cell Carcinoma BCC Melanoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma SCC |
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Sleep disorder |
Sleep disorders are abnormal conditions that affect one's sleep and involve problems with the quality, timing and amount of sleep. |
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Sleep Apnoea |
Is a common and potentially serious condition in which a person stops breathing for periods of time while asleep. The 2 main types of sleep apnoea are Obstructuve Sleep Apnoea and Restrictive Sleep Apnoea. |
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea OSA Restrictive Sleep Apnoea Sleep apnea |
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Specialist |
A medical physician who has additional training and expertise in a specific area of medicine e.g. a Cardiologist is a heart specialist. |
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Sponge Kidney |
Is a condition present from birth but not usually noticed until many years later, where tiny cysts form within an inner part of the kidney, that appear sponge-like. These cysts affect the flow of urine where they're present. |
Medullary sponge kidney Cacchi-Ricci disease |
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Standard drink (of alcohol) |
* A normal sized can of beer of approx 330mL,can be considered a standard drink. |
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Stroke |
A Stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or severely reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and food. Minutes without blood cause the brain cells to die. |
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Symptom |
A feature (physical or mental), that's regarded as indicating a disease or disorder that is apparent to the person experiencing it. Feelings of pain or fatigue are examples as the person experiencing them has to communicate them to be known by someone else (such as a doctor for example). Signs can also be identified by someone other than the individual that has them without the person experiencing them communicating their awareness of it e.g. a doctor might notice a rash on a person who is unaware of it's existence. |
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Systolic |
This is the top number, or the number to the left of the "/" symbol in a full blood pressure reading. For example, in the blood pressure reading 120/80, the "120" is the systolic part of the reading. The systolic reading measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (when the heart muscle contracts). |
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Thyroid |
Gland in the neck that secretes hormones that control growth and development via metabolism (the chemical processes that occur within us in order to keep us alive) |
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Tonsils |
Are a pair of soft tissue masses located at the back of the throat. They are part of the lymphatic system, that helps fight infections. |
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Testicular disorders |
Any abnormal condition of the testicle or testicles (also known as the testes). |
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Thalassaemia |
Condition of the blood where people don't produce enough haemoglobin or perhaps none at all. There are several types of Thalassaemia. Note that haemoglobin is used in red blood cells to carry oxygen around the body. |
Thalassemia |
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Thyroiditis |
Thyroiditis is the inflammation (swelling) of the thyroid gland, resulting in abnormal levels of thyroid hormones in the blood. Hashimoto's disease, also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is one of the forms of thyroiditis caused by the immune system attacking the thyroid gland. |
Hashimoto's disease |
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Transient Ischaemic attack (Ischaemic is pronounced "Iss-key-mick" |
Is a cerebrovascular event resulting in reversible neurological symptoms that usually last a few minutes. Most symptoms resolve within an hour, but by timebased definition symptoms must resolve within 24 hours. |
TIA Mini-stroke Mini stroke |
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Transplant |
For the purposes of this application, a transplant is where something healthy from one person's body is transferred to another person's body who is in need of it for example a kidney transplant or liver transplant. |
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Tumour |
An abnormal mass of tissue that may be solid or fluid-filled and may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They may also be pre-malignant (pre-cancerous) meaning that they're not cancerous yet but may (or are likely to) do so. |
Neoplasm |
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Type 1 diabetes |
A disease where the body doesn't use the insulin effectively and/or doesn't produce enough insulin (used to transport sugar in the blood stream into cells where it can be used); If not properly treated, the blood sugar levels in the blood stream rise to unhealthy levels. People who have Type 1 specifically, MUST be treated with insulin e.g. have insulin injections. |
Type one diabetes T1DM IDDM Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
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Type 2 diabetes |
A disease where the body doesn't use the insulin effectively and/or doesn't produce enough insulin (used to transport sugar in the blood stream into cells where it can be used); If not properly treated, the blood sugar levels in the blood stream rise to unhealthy levels. People who have type 2 specifically, don't necessarily have to be treated with insulin (though they may be). |
Type two diabetes T2DM NIDDM Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
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Ulcerative Colitis |
Colitis is inflammation of the colon. Ulcerative colitis is a common variant where ulcers develop (when the lining of the colon is damaged and the tissue beneath is exposed). |
Ulcerated colitis Colitis with ulcers UC |
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Urinary tract |
The body's drainage system for removing urine. It includes the kidneys, ureters and bladder. |
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Unusual |
For the purposes of this application, this means something abnormal or extraordinary for any normal, healthy person (as opposed to something that might be usual/normal for you because you've had it for a long time and are used to it). |
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Uterine Fibroid |
Uterine Fibroids are types of growths made up of fibrous and muscle tissue located in or around the uterus (womb). |
Fibroid of the Uterus Uterine myoma Uterine leimyoma |
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Vitamin Deficiency |
A condition involving the body not having enough of one or more vitamins. Vitamins are tiny nutrients that one's body needs in small quantities for health and growth. |
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Weight loss surgery |
A procedure used to treat severe obesity and related conditions. |
Bariatric surgery Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch Gastric bypass Gastric banding Gastric stapling Gastroplasty Roux-en-Y Sleeve Gastrectomy |